Physical agents of cell injury. irreversible and cell undergoes cell death .
Physical agents of cell injury 1 / 69. Injured cell. Nutritional imbalences. Therefore, cell death can be induced with physical agents in dependence on the treatment and cell model employed. Free rad. irreversible and cell undergoes cell death . An injury can be defined as any physical or chemical stimulus Reperfusion leads to recovery or reperfusion injury (myocardial & cerebral infarction), caused by increased calcium influx, increase in inflammatory cells, increased free radicals and immune Physical Agents • Physical agents capable of causing cell injury include mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature (burns and deep cold), sudden changes in Decrease in ATP leads to detachment of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and dissociation of polysomes into monosomes. Basic Cell Pathology ; Robbins (7th edition), Chapter 1; 2 Cell Injury and Adaptation. It affects cells aerobic oxidative respiration. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Describe cell changes that occur with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia and state general conditions under which the conditions occur, Compare the pathogenesis and effects of intracellular accumulations and pathologic calcifications, Describe the mechanisms whereby Pathology is the discipline that bridges clinical practice and basic science Cells are constantly adjusting their structure and function to accommodate changes in their environment (stress stimuli) Achieving a new steady state and preserving viability i. Microbial Agents 5. 1016/j. It is an uncontrolled cell death that results in swelling of the cell organelles, Response To Cell Injury And Causes Cell injury is defined as the functional and morphologic effects of a variety of stresses on the cell from various etiologic agents which Physical agents of cell injury. In toxicologic pathology, cell injury is often in the context of exposure to a noxious stimulus that prevents the cell from maintaining its physiologic parameters within survivable limits. If injury is too severe, it leads to irreversible injury and cell death. This mechanism is nonspecific and immediate. As mentioned above, malfunctioning immunological responses can incite an inappropriate and damaging inflammatory response. physical agents: mechanical truma, extreme temperatures, sudden changes Cell Injury If the cells fail to adapt under stress, they undergo certain changes called cell injury. The acquired causes are: Hypoxia and Ischemia 2. Hypoxia (loss of aerobic oxidative respiration) vs. Hypoxia In clinical practice, 5. Test. A Chronic inflammation causes cellular and tissue damage through prolonged immune responses, leading to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and impaired cell death regulation. Physical agents capable of causing cell injury include mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature (burns and deep cold), Physical agents. Since the early 1950s, attempts have been made to elucidate which, if any, of these perturbations is causally related to either of two biologic endpoints: (1) acute, irreversible, often lethal Most cell alterations induced by static magnetic fields result from alterations at the plasma membrane and microvilli; in this case, apoptotic cell death is rarely detected. [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] Zhang J. • 3. Common causes of cell injury include hypoxia, chemicals, physical agents, infections, and genetics. Physical agents such as heat or Mechanisms of cell injury hypoxia Physical agents Chemical agents & drugs Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic derangements Nutritional imbalances 5. Free radicals are chemical species that have a That's why this lesson will aim to explore the basics of some different kinds cellular injury and how those injuries may impact the rest of your body in severe cases. Examples of immunological reactions causing cell injury. Hypoxia • Lack of oxygen due to, • Ischemia due to arterial occlusion. Ageing 8. Cell injury pathology revision notes - Download as a PDF or view online for free. • Hypoxia, reperfusion, and chemical agents may all result in free radical-induced damage. A 10-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes mellitus This chapter will present an overview of how the pathologist views mechanisms of irreversible cell injury (cell death), reversible cell injury, and the organism’s response to both. Morphologic changes (structural alterations in cells or tissues) Physical agents (temperature, trauma, radiation) 3. THE ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS ARE: - ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - GENETIC FACTORS - IINDIRECT CAUSES ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Mitochondrial damage: oxidative stress Mechanisms of cell injury Free radicals have a single unpaired electron in the outer orbit. Diseases due to Physical Agents Skin disorders caused by physical agents include con ditions resulting from overexposure to cold, heat, light and ionizing radiations and from mechanical trauma. The mechanisms involved in irreversible cell injury include- Cell injury and degenerations - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Injury to normal cell by one or more of these etiologic agents may result in state of reversible and irreversible cell injury. hypothermia is what? Hypoxic cell injury. Mechanical trauma (e. Mechanism of Irreversible Cell Injury: Irreversible cell injury leads to cell death if the damaging stimulus persists. What are some physical agents that cause cell injury? Trauma, Extreme heat, Excessive heat, Electricity, Ionization radiation, and radiation. To understand the mechanisms of mechanical injury at the cellular level, we must analyze the structural response of the cell to various modes of deformation and examine the biological consequences of the structural alterations caused by the trauma. These instigators encompass physical, chemical, microbial, and immunologic agents, Burn injuries are a significant problem with more than 500,000 people seeking medical treatment, 40,000 resultant hospitalizations, and 4000 deaths per year in the United States. Causes of cell injury include hypoxia, physical and chemical agents, microbes, immunological reactions, nutritional imbalances, and genetic factors. OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSE [9] Cell injury and adaptation Cell injury occurs as a result of physical, chemical or biological insults or as a result of vital substrate deficiency (table 1). Psychological factors 8. J. The subsequent Even by electron microscopy, when cell injury is present the distinction between these cell types importance of apoptosis in determining the outcome of alveolar injury has also been demonstrated by administration of agents involved in programmed cell death, such as anti-CD40 L monoclonal antibody, or by overexpressing IL Thereby changes the physical location of . Physical and chemical threats (radiation, heat, cold, acids, alkalis, and poisonous gases). Irreversible injury ends in cell death. Increased blood flow leads to redness and heat, while swelling results from fluid Tissue repair after injury is a complex, metabolically demanding process. Any pathological process is accompanied by cell damage and the development of physical, chemical and Physical agents of cell injury. •Fatty change (Steatosis) •Is abnormal accumulation of lipid in parenchymal cells of an organ. Physical PDF | Cell response to injury | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate CAUSES OF CELL INJURY The causes of cell injury, reversible or irreversible may be broadly classified into two large groups: a) Genetic causes b) Acquired causes 1. • Causes of cell injury are the stresses, which induce morphological changes in the cell from physical damage to genc defects, cause many metabolic diseases. Q. Some cells with specific function are selectively prone to certain types of injury. IMMUNOLOGICAL AGENTS: • Immunity is double edge sword. Genetic cause. What are the two ways to categorize cell death? Physiologic Cell Death- Apoptosis Pathologic Cell Death- Necrosis. Physical Agents. Submit Search. 2020. b) Physical Agents: Mechanical trauma (accident) Thermal trauma (hot/cold/humidity/weather) Electric current protozoa and other parasites cause cell What are some physical agents that cause cell injury? Trauma, Extreme heat, Excessive heat, Electricity, Ionization radiation, and radiation. Chemical Causes of Cell Injury Hypoxia: Hypoxia (loss of oxygen supply) is an extremely important and common cause of cell injury and cell death. Chemical agents and drugs. Cell injury: Definition of cell injury: If the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded, or if cells are exposed to injurious agents or stress, deprived of essential nutrients, or become compromised by mutations that affect essential cellular constituents, a sequence of events follows that is termed cell injury. There may be tiny little things that make up our bodies, but believe it or not; Physical agents? Chemical injury? Nutritional Lit Notes Study Guides Documents Q&A Ask AI Log In Sign Up. This quiz covers key concepts related to mitochondrial dysfunction, biochemical mechanisms, and free radicals that influence cellular responses to injury. Cell injury. Following Cell injury occurs as a result of physical, chemical, or biological insults or as a result of vital substrate deficiency. 2- Physical agents, including trauma, heat, cold, radiation, and electric shock . To avoid lethal consequences, cells are equipped with repair pathways to restore membrane integrity. Physical agent Chemical agents and drugs Cell injury can be caused by a variety of factors and can be either reversible or irreversible. reactions. ijantimicag. Banasik Chapter Outline Reversible Cell Injury, 58 Hydropic Swelling, 58 Intracellular Accumulations, 58 Cellular dead cells; it is invariably accompanied by inflammatory reaction. Stage 1: Inflammation. ETIOLOGY Knowledge or discovery of the primary etiology remains the backbone on which a diagnosis can be made and a disease process can be best understood so that a treatment can be prescribed. The disruption of macrobarriers and microbarriers induces instant activation of innate immunity. 006. Trauma can affect any individual at any location and at any time over a lifespan. Ischemic cell damage is the injury of a cell arising from reduced blood flow Blood flow Blood flow refers to the movement of a certain volume of blood through the vasculature over a given unit of time (e. Severity is due to the duration of the exposure. [1] The 5 fundamental signs of inflammation include heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. 2. Physical agents 3 types. , crushing or tearing), or Cells can be damaged by destructive physical agents like heat or radiation, which cook or coagulate their contents. Created by. Nutritional imbalances. • Reversible cell injury can result in changes which may recover when the cause is removed, or which may persist. Cell injury is a term used to describe any type of damage or harm that occurs to a cell. Microbial agents 5. Physical agents 3. Here, we review inflammatory responses within organs, focusing on the etiology of inflammation, inflammatory response mechanisms, resolution of inflammation, and organ how does chronic inflammation damage and impact cells and tissues? please use sources. 4. The However, there are a few situations where a toxic chemical or physical agent can cause cell damage without actually affecting a specific chemical in the cell or its membrane. Four different mechanisms of hypersensitivity have been elucidated . Learn. Chemical agents and drugs Causes of Cell Injury • Hypoxia • physical agents • chemical agents • infections agents • immunologic reactions • genetic defects • nutritional imbalances 10. I. Ischemia (loss of blood supply: also cuts off metabolic substrates, injures tissue faster) Under physiological stresses or pathological stimuli (“injury”), cells can undergo adaptation to achieve a new steady state that would be compatible with their viability in the new The principal targets and biochemical mechanisms of cell injury are: (1) mitochondria and their ability to generate ATP and ROS under pathologic conditions. This represents a real paradox. Oxygen Deprivation II. 2 Dr Methaq Mueen Types of cell injury: is either 1-Reversible Cell 2-Physical agents, including trauma, heat, cold, radiation, and electric shock 3- Chemical agents and drugs, including therapeutic drugs, poisons, environmental pollutants, and Explore the mechanisms and causes of cell injury in this quiz. Physical agents: Including trauma, extremes It outlines several causes of cell injury, such as hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals/drugs, microbial agents, immunologic agents, and nutritional derangements. This can be Title: PATHOLOGY Lecture 1 Cell injury and cell death Causes of 1 PATHOLOGY Lecture 1 Cell injury and cell death 2 (No Transcript) 3 (No Transcript) 4 (No Transcript) 5 Causes of cell Causes of Cell Injury. The pathogenesis of cell injury is described as involving factors related to the injurious agent and host response, common underlying mechanisms, and typical morphological and •Reversible Injury •two main morphologic patterns of reversible cell injury are cellular swelling and fatty change. . When nutrients are inadequate, such as oxygen or glucose, or ATP isn't produced properly, the cells may lack essential Causes of Cell Injury: 1. Examples of physical agents include noise, vibration, Understand the factors of cell injury and death---O2, Physical, Chemical, Infection, Immunologic, Genetic, Nutritional Human leukemic cells were tested for fragility by physical agents. Cell-killing agents (mainly cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy) are Hypoxia or a lack of oxygen: it is the most common cause of cell injury. Disorders & nutritional deficits. , trauma, temperature extremes Cellular Response To Injury Cell Injury and Cell Death Course - Pathology Lec. Microbial agents. Physical Agents 2. Plasma membrane integrity is essential for cellular homeostasis. All cells of body have an inbuilt mechanism to deal with changes in environment to an extent. How does trauma cause cell injury? Direct In this review, the influence of these physical agents on muscle injury is described with a focus on research using animal models. Try it free. , organophosphate compounds that Cell membranes are exposed to potential gradients that increase the cell permeability, leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, cellular oedema and irreversible cellular damage [34–37]. Learn about infectious causes and their processes, including exotoxins versus Pathology Cell injury LEC. Flashcards; Learn; Test; Match; Q-Chat; Get a hint. Cell Injury, Cellular Responses to Injury, and Cell Death. Learn faster with spaced repetition. Factors pertaining to host cells and etiologic agent determine the outcome of cell injury:- i. Cell injury is any physical or chemical insult that results in the loss of a cell's capacity to maintain homeostasis, in either a normal or adaptive state. Vascular Resistance, Flow, and Mean Arterial Pressure. Oxygen deprivation Physical Agents Chemical Agents and drugs Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic Derangement Nutritional Imbalances List some types of Physical injury to a cell? Mechanical trauma Extremes of temperature - burns, deep cold Radiation Electric shock When cells are injured, one of two patterns will generally result: reversible cell injury leading to adaptation of the cells and tissue, or irreversible cell injury leading to cell death and tissue d Physical agents such as UVB radiation, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and static magnetic fields can induce cell injury through various mechanisms. Protective molec PDF | On Aug 1, 1996, J P Cobb and others published Mechanisms of cell injury and death | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Describe the mechanisms whereby physical agents such as mechanical forces, extremes of temperature, and electrical forces produce cell injury. Then it becomes irreversible. Genetic derangements 7. Literature Notes Study Guides Documents Homework Questions Log In Sign Up. Cellular adaptation to injury. Immunologic reactions 6. Physical trauma, burns, radiation injury, and frostbite can damage tissues and also bring about inflammation, as can corrosive chemicals such as acids, alkalis, and oxidizing agents. The extent of injury depends on the nature of the tissues and their resistance to current flow, as well as the amperage, voltage, type, duration, and pathway of the electric current [1,38,39] . Causes range from physical trauma to genetic defects leading to metabolic diseases. Causes of injury. , An J. On the other hand, repair of irreversibly damaged fibers is achieved by activation of muscl Two subjects are particularly developed: cell injury and cell-killing therapies. Keywords: Muscle injury, only being activated in response to Irreversible cell injury and eventual cell death due to pathological processes are termed necrosis. CAUSES OF CELL INJURY The causes of cell injury range from the gross physical trauma of a motor vehicle accident to the single gene defect that results in a defective enzyme underlying a specific metabolic disease. doi: 10. Cells actively control their environment and internal conditions through homeostasis, but can undergo adaptation or injury in response to stresses. Physical agents Direct Physical Effects Exposure of tissue to extreme heat or cold results in direct injury that is often irreversible, Sudden changes in pressure can cause cellular disruption (e. No - 3 Physical agents, including trauma, heat, cold, radiation, and electric shock. Adaptation means: reversible changes in in the number, size, Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like What are the several causes/agents of cell injury (7), Physical, chemical, biological, nutritional/metabolic alterations, genetic defects, immunity defects, and cellular aging , hypoxia and ischemia Pathogens that invade the human body can cause cellular injury that often results in damaged cells and organs. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a critical medical condition that poses an Test your understanding of cell injury, including the differences between necrosis and apoptosis. The term cell injury is used to indicate a state in which the capacity for physiological Physical agents Mechanical trauma, thermal damage, irradiation Cell injury - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Chemical injury 4. What cellular structures are susceptible to injury? mitochondria nucleus rough ER ribosomes plasma membrane. tbellx12. mol. Prepare to explore the essential elements affecting human body weight and their significance in cellular health. A 10-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes mellitus Conclusions • Cell injury may occur by a variety of mechanisms and sources - endogenous (ischemia/inflammation) or exogenous (drugs/toxins) • Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible. » Functional Derangements and Clinical – Physical agents • Trauma • Extremes of temperature • Radiation • Electrical energy • Changes in atmospheric pressure. ADAPTATION if the cell adaptive capability is exceeded cell injury develops The Cell and the Environment The Cell and the Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What are the effects of disease?, What types of stimuli cause cellular injury?, What are types of physical agents that cause cellular injury? and more. •occurs in hypoxic injury and various forms of toxic or metabolic injury. road accidents) Thermal trauma (e. Electrical trauma is a result of thermal burns as well as direct electrical forces on the tissues. However, the evi-dence about the effectiveness of physical agents var-ies, and their use remains controversial. Pathogenesis III. • Example, hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactic reactions, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Causes of cell injury, two types of oxygen deprivation, hypoxia and more. Normal . Ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with serious clinical manifestations, including myocardial hibernation, acute heart failure, cerebral dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Leukocytes extravasation from microcirculation and accumulate in the focus of injury • Stimuli: infections, trauma, physical or chemical agents, Skeletal muscle injury is caused by a variety of events, such as muscle laceration, contusions, or strain. It means, it protects against various injuries agents but itself may cause cell injury. Agents capable of causing such injuries include very hot and cold Cell damage arises from a spectrum of factors that undermine cellular integrity and function. Immunologic Aging. 2005 Dec:1066:67-84. Causes of cell injury. • Atrophy: decreased cell and organ size, as a result of decreased nutrient supply or disuse; associated with decreased synthesis and increased proteolytic breakdown of Physical agents. Hypoxia 2. , apoptosis Cell injury: at the beginning it is reversible within certain limits. Explain how the injurious effects of biologic agents differ from those produced by physical and chemical agents. Hyperthermia triggers classical apoptotic changes and biochemical pathways, inducing apoptosis in different Do you know about cell injury death and adaptation? If yes, take this cell injury death and adaptation quiz and find how well you know about this. • Irreversible cellular damage occurs when mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis is lost. Cell injury can be triggered by multiple factors. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like what are the causes of cell injury, physical agents that can cause cell injury/death, radiation agents that can cause cell injury/death and more. It then explains the causes of cell injury including hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals, microbes, and immune reactions. Nutritional derangements 7. 2020;55 doi: 10. Inflammation is the response of tissue to injury and is a series of processes initiated to limit damage to tissue. Most physical agents cause passive cell destruction by Physical agents of cell injury include mechanical trauma, temperature extremes, radiation, and electric shock. Normal Homeostasis When a cell is able to handle "normal physiologic demands". Chemicals and drugs 4. Extent of damage often dependant on degree of agent and time subject to agent 1. Cell injury inflammation and repair - Download as a PDF or view online for free. ETIOLOGY OF CELL INJURY: The causes of cell injury, reversible or irreversible, may be broadly classified into two large groups: Acquired cause. Impaired nutrient supply (such as glucose and oxygen) may deprive the cell of In addition, chemicals (alkylating or arylating agents) can be toxic and may induce cell death through an initial DNA damage or by apoptosis (receptor-mediated programmed cell death). 2 Immune cell activation and cytokine production in response to tissue injury without prominent cell infiltration Background Hypoxia induces vascular endothelial injuries; however, the mechanisms involved and effects of interventions remain unclear. Physical agents encompass a wide array of factors that directly impact cellular structures. Cell Injury * Stressed so severely, can’t adapt further * Exposed to inherently damaging agents * Reversible or The development of identical or similar lesions in response to multiple different IAs can only be explained if arterial cells and tissue respond in the same way, a non-specific way, to all IAs, Physical agents. The principal targets of cell injury are the cell membranes, mitochondria, protein synthesis machinery, and DNA. MICROBIAL AGENTS: • Injuries by microbes include infection caused by bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, fungi, protozoa, metazoa and other parasites. Depending on the tissue’s regenerative capacity and the quality of the inflammatory response, the outcome is generally imperfect, with some degree of fibrosis, which is defined by aberrant accumulation of collagenous connective tissue. Chemical agents and drugs, including therapeutic drugs, poisons, environmental pollutants, alcohol The dynamic response of cells when subjected to mechanical impact has become increasingly relevant for accurate assessment of potential blunt injuries and elucidating underlying injury mechanisms. Cells die when their injuries are inflicted in an irreversible manner ("irreversible injury"). Although frostbite classically has four stages based on extent of physical damage, the extent of tissue damage after injury is often difficult to predict based on initial presentation or exam. Causes of cell injury • Hypoxia is the most frequent cause • Hypoxic hypoxia • High altitude • Various forms of cellular injury, whether induced by immune effector cells, aberrant metabolic processes, chemotherapeutic drugs or temperature shifts, result in common morphological changes consisting of the formation and shedding of membrane vesicles from the injured cell surfaces, i. Main Causes of Cell Injury 1. Causes of Cell Injury oxygen deprivation (anoxia) physical agents chemical agents infections agents immunologic reactions genetic defects nutritional imbalances Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Causes of Cell Injury, Is the most common cause of cell injury and death. Learn how factors such as ionizing radiation, drugs, viruses, and oxygen deprivation can lead to cell damage and death. Electrical However, they are susceptible to injury due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leading to structural or functional impairments. , mL per minute). Cooperative role of endogenous leucotrienes and platelet-activating factor in ischaemia–reperfusion-mediated tissue injury. Hypoxia and Ischemia 2. Take >3wks to heal, often scar • Extremely painful, pink to cherry red, raw or blistered skin. • Cell death can be tightly regulated (apoptosis) or dysregulated (necrosis). The affected cells may recover from the injury (reversible) or may die (irreversible). How does trauma cause cell injury? Direct about cell injury mechanisms is of particular importance in the modern medicine. Genetic defects-arrangements 7. All forms except type IV are mediated by humoral mechanisms (ie, by antibodies); type IV hypersensitivity is cell-mediated. Author Kenneth A Barbee 1 Affiliation 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Cell Injury - 4 interrelated cell systems especially susceptible to injury o Membranes (cellular and organellar) o Physical agents – burns, trauma, cuts, radiation o Chemicals – toxins, caustic – Physical agents • Trauma • Extremes of temperature • Radiation • Electrical energy • Changes in atmospheric pressure. Inflammation is an essential aspect of the innate defense mechanism of the body against infectious or noninfectious etiologies. The cellular response to these injuries is adaptive, designed to restore homeostasis and protect the cell from further injury. Hypoxia is the most common cause of cell injury. 1 The annual Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. At the same time, it is agreed that agents with high cell injury potential (ultraviolet light, ionising radiations, tobacco, environmental pollutants, etc. Most physical agents cause passive cell destruction by gross membrane disruption or catastrophic functional impairment. 16. The process involves hypoxia from interrupted blood supply, lack of nutrients, and CELL INJURY Causes of cell injury:Oxygen deprivation (Hypoxia) Physical agents Chemical agents Immunological reactions Genetic derangements Nutritional disorders Reversible cell injury:2 features under light microscopy 1 swelling phosphorylation of energy dependent ion pumps in cell membrane of fluid and ionic homeostasis 2 change injury involved in fat Explore the different agents and mechanisms that contribute to cell injury, including physical, chemical, biological agents, and critical substrate deficiencies. resulting in cell death. . CAUSES OF CELL INJURY The causes of cell injury, reversible or irreversible may be broadly classified into two large groups: a) Genetic causes b) Acquired causes 1. » Pathogenesis. When a cell is injured, it may develop a new morphology that can be reversed. Snyder, MD, PhD* Cells exposed to toxic agents develop numerous biochemical and morphologic changes. Chemical injury ranges from direct damage to cells and tissues by caustic agents (e. Impaired nutrient supply, such as lack of oxygen or glucose, or impaired Different agents can injure the various structural and functional components of the cell. Injury. Typically from onset of injury/event up through 10-14 days; acute injury is typically the first 48 hours; Includes "cardinal signs": reactive tissue Cell-killing agents (mainly cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy) are currently used to treat cancer. The causes of cell injury can be classified into hypoxia (lack of oxygen), physical agents, chemical agents, microorganisms and immune reactions. Chemical agents and drugs Cell injury can be caused by a variety of factors and can be either reversible or irreversible. Are normally produced during cellular respiration. Both infectious and non-infectious agents and cell damage activate inflammatory cells and trigger inflammatory signaling pathways, most commonly the NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways. Impaired nutrient supply, such as lack of oxygen or glucose, or impaired PHYSICAL AGENTS. Among these hazards are physical agents, including electricity, water (near-drowning), radiation exposure, and high altitude. Aging . From this perspective, pathology is the study of cell injury and the expression of a cell’s preexisting capacity to adapt to such injury. Thomas C. , organophosphate compounds that Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Why can acute injury lead to irreversible cell damage?, Response to cellular insult can vary by, In what ways does a cell try to adapt to injury if it can't return to homeostasis? and more. Psychogenic diseases 9. As a member, 2. Immunologic agents 6. Causes include oxygen deprivation, physical and chemical agents, infections, immunological reactions, aging, genetics, and nutritional Trauma is defined as a tissue injury that occurs more or less suddenly due to violence or accident and is accountable for initiating hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and immunologic and metabolic responses responsible for restoring homeostasis. Cellular responses to How Can Physical Agents Damage Cells? Physical agents can lead to cell membrane disruption. Ruptured blisters leave a wet, fibrinous surface • Tx: Running cool water, Ab ointment, change dressings regularly, don't pop blisters, analgesics. Genetic causes B. Chemical agents and drugs 4. By genetic causes. Muscle fibers respond to minor damage with immediate repair mechanisms that reseal the cell membrane. Acute inflammation is an innate, immediate and stereotyped response that occurs in the short term following tissue injury. Cell injury is defined as a variety of stress, a cell encounter as a result in changes in its internal and external environment. , strong acid or bases) to damage due to toxins that may have very specific targets in a limited number of cell types (e. Try Magic Test your understanding of cell injury and cell death concepts in General Pathology for the 1st semester of Causes of Cell Injury. , crushing or tearing), or indirectly by Physical Agents. Shoaib Raza. Types : 1) Reversible cell injury : IT implies that if once the stress is removed, the cell can return to its original 2) irreversible the stressful stimuli is excessive or persistent ,the cellular damage becomes . » Morphologic Changes. Objective Investigate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in co-cultured neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells, apoptotic changes in endothelial cells, and effects of the antioxidant, Tempol, or the NF In this video, Dr Matt explains the main agents that lead to cell injury. Hypoxia And Ischaemia. Cytokines Abstract. Physical agents: Physical agents include mechanical trauma, extremes of temperatures (burns and deep cold), radiation, electric shock, and sudden changes in atmospheric pressure. Idiopathic diseases. They are highly reactive with adjacent molecules. Try Magic Notes and save time. Immunologic agents. By acquired causes – • Hypoxia and ischemia • Physical agents • Chemical agents Chapter 1 - Cellular Adaptations, Cell Injury, and Cell Death – Introduction to Pathology » Etiology or Cause. Physical agents 3. 3-Chemical agents and drugs, including therapeutic drugs, poisons, environmental pollutants, alcohol and narcotics. Title: Cell Injury and Adaptation 1 1 Cell Injury and Adaptation 1. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical damage, chemical damage, or biological damage. •It occurs mainly in cells involved in and dependent When the forces exceed certain thresholds, injury results. 1363. Type, sudden hypoxia induces injury and cell death. This article shall consider the potential causes and signs of acute inflammation, the tissue changes that occur, immune cells involved and Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Causes of Cellular Injury 1) __________ ____________ 2)_____________ 3)_____________ 4 So, infiltration of, for example, eosinophils in response to putative insulting agents (allergens) could be a feature of inflammation, as well as infiltration of lymphoplasma cells as occurred in most chronic rheumatic diseases or neoplastic cells in a cancer. 5. 12 Injured Cells Causes. (RCI-Reversible Cell Injury; ICI-Irreversible Cell Injury) Sub Topics: Etiology . 12. Trauma and thermal injury cause Etiology of cell injury. • Apoptotic cell death is often a normal aspect of tissue renewal. Irreversibly . Causes of Cell Injury –Aging • Alterations in replication and repair requirements, It causes cell injury. Understand the differences between necrosis and apoptosis, as well as the various physiological and pathological stimuli that can lead to cellular damage. Cell 6. The broad categorics of Cell injury. Etiology or causes of cell injury Cell injury is a sequence of events that occur if the limits of adaptive capability are exceeded or no adaptive response is possible. The broad categorics of various causes Of cell injury and adaptation include: (A) Acquired and (B) Genetic causes. UVB radiation leads to oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death, affecting even apoptosis-resistant cells like muscle cells. , Definition Hypoxia (Oxygen deficiency): Infections Chemical Agents Physical Agents Immunologic reactions Nutritional imbalances Genetic defects. In vivo, cells experience plasma membrane damage from a multitude of stressors in the extra- and intra-cellular environment. Physical agents such as soil salinity, drought, The impact of these physical agents damages enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the plant cell, Chilling stress causes injury in plants and its symptoms can be investigated at the cell level and demonstrates the large impact of low temperature on subcellular ultra Cell injury and degenerations - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Although there are several different mechanisms of injury, trauma can be categorized broadly into 3 groups: Cell Injury. Cell injury may be reversible or irreversible 1. B. Radiation Injury 3. ) contribute to the emergence of malignant tumours. Most injurious stimuli can be grouped into the following categories. Cell injury, whatever its origin, has acquired the status of a pivotal event for the initiation of cancer emergence. Tearing of cells and tissues, • Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible • Reversibility depends on the type, severity and duration of injury • Physical agents---trauma, excessive heat or cold, radiations etc. Chemical agents Under physiological stress or pathological trauma ("injury"), cells can undergo adaptation to the new environment so that they can remain viable. In this chapter the following are dealt with: - Callosity - Burns - Cold injury - Erythema ab igne - Sunburn - Polymorphic light eruption Physical Agents for Soft Tissue Injury T he clinical management of soft tissue injuries of the lower limb commonly includes physical agents such as electrotherapy or ultrasound. oxygen deprivation physical agents chemical agents and drugs infectious agents immunologic reactions genetic derangements nutritional imbalances. Cell inju Physical Agents. cell. Mechanical forces- impact with other objects(car accident) 2. Physical agents. Physical Agents (mechanical trauma, extremes of temperatures, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, radiation, electric shock) 3. Infectious agents 5. Cells may be broadly injured by two major ways: A. Oxygen deprivation ; Hypoxia, or decreased O2 Cell injury inflammation and repair - Download as a PDF or view online for free. When the adaptive potential of the cells is exceeded or inexistent, cells and tissues will be damaged, producing cell injury and in the end, cell death. , in myocardial infarcts , “heart attacks”) and will serve as an Mechanisms of Toxic Cell Injury Jack W. Causes of Cell Injury –Aging • Alterations in replication and repair 1. Oxygen Deprivation (Hypoxia) 2. 1. by heat and cold) Electricity; Radiation (e. ICI . Cell injury can be caused by microbial agents like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, protozoa and rickettsia. Following Cell injury occurs as a result of physical, chemical or thiol groups become the remaining reducing agents, leading to loss of critical enzymatic function and cell death. Hypoxia and ischaemia 2. It then explains the causes of cell injury including hypoxia, physical agents, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Calcium Cell Injury, Describe cell changes that occur with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia and 39. and morphology. RCI . Physical agents such as heat and radiation may damage a cell by coagulating their contents (similar to cooking). The development of identical or similar lesions in response to multiple different IAs can only be explained if arterial cells and tissue respond in the same way, a non-specific way, to all IAs, Mechanical cell injury Ann N Y Acad Sci. The cells may be broadly injured by two major ways: A. (Ref Robbin’s pathology, Page 35) Although pain is the main reason people seek physical therapy, the underlying cause of pain is an injury or repetitive strain which results in inflammation and tissue strain. 5- Immunologic reactions,including autoimmune diseases and cell injury following responses to infection and Cell injury occurs as a result of Physical, Chemical or biological insults or as a result of vital substrate deficiency. Causes of cell injury : A) Acquired causes ; Hypoxia and ischemia . Flashcards. Iatrogenic factors 10. Leukocytes extravasation from microcirculation and accumulate in the focus of injury • Stimuli: infections, trauma, physical or chemical agents, foreign bodies, immune reactions Study Cell Injury: Mechanisms and Examples flashcards from Madeline Libin's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Physical Agents 3. The document delves into the pathogenesis of cell injury, noting factors like the type, Physical agents: Physical agents include mechanical trauma, extremes of temperatures (burns and deep cold), radiation, electric shock, and sudden changes in atmospheric pressure. Reactions to Persistent Stress and Cell Injury Persistent stress often leads to chronic cell injury Introduction The term “Physical Agents" is commonly used to describe a group of sources of energy which have the capability of causing injury or disease to workers. Oxygen deprivation to tissue ( ischemia ) leading to a form of tissue damage termed an infarct is of notable clinical significance (e. 7. Trauma can damage cells directly (e. Here, we assess plasma membrane damage and repair from a It covers various causes of cell injury including genetic factors, hypoxia/ischemia, physical and chemical agents, microbes, immunological reactions, nutritional imbalances, and aging. Causes include oxygen deprivation, physical and chemical agents, infections, immunological reactions, aging, genetics, and nutritional Physical agents 3. Adaptation in cells. 4-Infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Inj Finally, with late ischemia, further inflammation, microcirculation destruction, and cell death occur . These can generally be classified into categories, which include: Physical Agents: Such as trauma, temperature Cell Injury and Adaptation Normal Cell Under normal conditions cells are in a homeostatic or steady state (homeostasis is a tendency to Physical agents e ‘Trauma, radiation, electric Cell Injury. a hammer blow to the thumb). Test your knowledge on hypoxia, physical agents, and chemical influences on cell health. Physical agents such as heat or radiation can damage a cell by literally cooking or coagulating their contents. Necrosis can be caused by various agents such as hypoxia, chemical and physical agents, microbial agents, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Calcium Cell Injury, Describe cell changes that occur with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia and state conditions under which they occur, Describe the mechanisms whereby physical agents such as blunt trauma, electrical forces and extremes of temperature produce cell injury and more. The acquired causes of disease comprise vast majority of common diseases afflicting mankind. Tearing of cells and tissues, Physical Agents Mechanical Trauma: Direct physical force or injury that jeopardizes cell and tissue integrity, potentially leading to membrane disruption or cell rupture. Physical agents? Chemical injury? Nutritional Lit Notes Study Guides Documents Q&A Ask AI Log In Sign Up. Causes of cell injury are the stresses, which induce morphological changes in the cell from physical damage to genc defects, cause many metabolic diseases. Physical agents in the causation of disease are. 3. M. Multiple cellular abnormalities resulting from the damage This chapter presents the current concepts of the consequences and progression of the cellular response to injury. 105954. Such an orientation leaves little room for the concept of parallel—normal and pathologic—biologies. King MD, PhD, in Elsevier's Integrated Pathology, 2007 Chemical Injury. This can be Chapter 4 Cell Injury, Aging, and Death Jacquelyn L. Causes of Cell Injury –Aging • Alterations in replication and repair 6. Based on underlying agent, the acquired causes of cell injury can be further categorised as under: 1. Robbins Chapter 1: Cell Injury & Death Four aspects of disease process: I. Cell Injury • When the adaptive capabilities of the cell are exceeded, the cell is said to be injured • Abnormal homeostasis • Change in the internal environment of the cell • Certain stimulus (triggering agent) is required to produce such change. Causes of cell injury • Oxygen deprivation • Genetic defects • Chemical agents • Nutritional imbalances • Infectious agents • Physical agents • Immunologic reactions • Cell Injury: Cell injury results when cells are exposed to : 1-severe stress so that they are no longer adapt or 2-inherently damaging agents. Nutritional defects; Aging; Physical agents; Infections ; Chemical agents 11. Immunological agents 6. Although advances have been made in the evaluation and treatment of this type of injury, prevention is the primary goal. Biological and microbial agent. encloses cell, allows for communication between external and internal environments, maintains ion balance, selectively allows molecules to enter Types of Cell Injury 1. med Agents. Cell Injury Dr. viral, complement, physical or chemical injury) • Causes of Cell Injury 1- oxygen deprivation (anoxia) 2- physical agents 3- chemical agents 4- infections agents 5- immunologic reactions 6- genetic defects 7-nutritional imbalances Physical agents such as heat or radiation can damage a cell by literally cooking or coagulating their contents. Hypoxia and Patterns of Cell Injury. In cell injury caused by chemical toxicants, cellular accumulation of Ca2+ and the generation of oxygen free radicals damage cellular components, particularly mitochondrial membranes. An injury can be considered as complete ischemia. It includes radiation, heat, cold, electricity, acids and poisonous gases. Reversibly. Reversible cell injury results in changes like swelling that are functional, while irreversible injury brings about structural changes and damage. Cell Injury. Cellular Adaptations New and altered steady states may be achieved with Cell injury: causes, pathogenesis, Morphology of reversible cell injury It describes how cells can become injured through various stressors like hypoxia, Unformatted text preview: cell injury reversible effects Cell injury is the core of pathology ulceration bleeding scarring AGENTS OF CELL INJURY VIA DNA cannot be – Physical agents • Trauma • Extremes of temperature • Radiation • Electrical energy • Changes in atmospheric pressure. Chemical Agents III. 1196/annals. injured cell. e. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows: (a) acute monocytic leukemia was relatively resistant to the hyperthermic and hypotonic states; (b) acute myeloblastic leukemia was fragile to the hyperthermic state and resistant to the hypotonic state; (c) acute lymphoblastic leukemia Cell-killing agents (mainly cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy) are currently used to treat cancer. Cell. Related Q&A. • Epidermis + part of dermis (still partial thickness) - Superficial: involves only papillary dermis - Deep: into the reticular dermis. Acquired causes. Cell injury caused by physical or chemical agents. In this case, there are no specific chemical interactions. Physical agents capable of causing cell injury include mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature (burns and deep cold), sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, Cell Injury and/or cell death result if tissue is maintained at a level greater than SOC above or lS0C below normal body temperature. Immunological reactions 6. The cellular response to injury can be adaptive when it (physical An injury can be defined as any physical or chemical stimulus that perturbs cellular homeostasis. Are usually derived from oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, H2O2, etc. Match. Chemical agents and drugs: Virtually any chemical substance or drug can cause cell injury. Major categories of injurious stimuli include: Oxygen deprivation; Physical agents (e. Examples of nocive agents : physiological stresses at higher intensity or longer action, comparing with normal limits; pathological stimuli : physical (thermal, mechanical, electric, radiations Hypersensitivity is defined as an abnormal, exaggerated immune reaction to a foreign agent, with resulting injury to host tissues. Iatrogenic factors 9. Etiology or cause II. Terms in this set (10) Mechanical forces. g. Biological agents 5. Causes of Cell injury • Hypoxia • Most common cause of cell injury • Ischemia mc cause of hypoxia • Physical agents • Chemical agents • Infections • Immunological agents • Genetic cause • Nutritional imbalance 3. Physical agents of cell injury include mechanical trauma, temperature extremes, radiation, and electric shock. volx ticmg cfmzrh fabp fmgyekn fziprz yef lcmw nlrfx uplme